Norway, Academic Career Structure
Norway’s public higher education system consists of six universities, five specialised university institutions, two national academies of art and 25 state university colleges. Most programmes at the colleges are profession-specific whereas the universities cover all wider academic disciplines. All public institutions of higher education are subject to the authority of the Ministry of Education and Research and all are regulated by the same Act of Legislation. The individual institutions have autonomy in regards to teaching and research. The university institutions are almost entirely state funded.
1. PhD Candidate
2. Postdoc/Research Fellow
3. Foerste Amaneuensis /Lecturer
4. Senior Lecturer
5. Professor
The average age for finishing the PhD is 38 (2006).
In Norway anyone who holds a PhD degree can apply for a permanent position as Foerste Amaneuensis – step 2 is thus not required to move to step 3. The position as Foerste Amaneuensis can also be obtained without a doctoral degree but with documented academic competence at the same extent and quality.
Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are mainly teaching positions that are most common at the state university colleges.
For all academic posts basic academic competence is required. Most academic positions are advertised as open competitions. In 1993 Norway introduced a tenure-track system as academic career structure. This means that once appointed Foerste Amaneuensis you are eligible to apply for promotion to Professor on the basis of individual research competence irrespective of vacant professorships. The requirement for a professorship is academic competence in accordance with international or national standards within the subject area. The promotion to Professor is nationally managed by a nationally appointed committee which assesses the applicants. An applicant can only apply for personal promotion in the subject where he or she holds an appointment. The application date is September 15th each year. The application is registered by the Norwegian Council for Higher Education.
There are thus three ways to become Full Professor: 1) Apply for promotion based on individual competence (see supra). 2) By applying for a vacant professorship in open competition at any university and be appointed the best applicant. 3) By applying for a vacant professorship at any institution in Norway, being found unanimously competent (but not the best qualified for the specific position) and then claim to be promoted to full professor at own institution. The first is by far the most commonly used. (Rules and regulations for positions and advancement can be found on the following page at the University of Oslo’s website:
http://www.uio.no/admhb/reglhb/personal/tilsettingvitenskapelig/
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The main barrier for career advancement in Norway seems to be getting stuck at the Foerste Amaneuensis position. The average age for obtaining a permanent position is 42, and the average age for finishing the PhD is 38 (2006). This leaves a gap between the PhD and the Associate Professor position, time spent in temporary jobs at the Postdoctoral/Assistant Professor level, working to obtain the qualification and experience needed to be appointed a permanent position. For the Full Professor positions the average age is 47-48.
The number of women in academic positions seem to decrease within the academic hierarchy; On the Postdoc/Assistant Professor level 43% were women in 2005, amongst the Associate Professors it was 31%, while only 17% of the Professors were female in 2005.
PhD researchers and Postdocs have status as educational positions. A PhD position is normally 3 years and Postdocs 2-4 years limited position. The permanent academic positions in universities and colleges are: Professor, Foerste Amaneuensis (university sector), Senior Lecturer and Lecturer (colleges). All holding permanent positions are civil servants. In Norway, PhD Candidates hold the same employment benefits as other positions: Employee status yields social benefits such as pension rights, unemployment support, maternity and sick leave, and democratic rights in the university.
There is a general guideline of 50% teaching and 50% research time for academic posts. In the colleges the Lecturers in general have more teaching obligations and less research time. Whereas most positions in the universities involve personal research as well as some teaching obligations. In praxis there has been much debate because most academics feel they have too many teaching obligations and too little research time; this applies to faculty at both colleges and universities.
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Gross Monthly Salaries (October 2005)
|
|
Start
|
Average
|
|
PhD researcher
|
2817 €/month
|
3203 €/month
|
|
Postdoc
|
3090 €/month
|
3950 €/month
|
|
Foerste Amaneuensis
|
4017 €/month
|
4330 €/month
|
|
Professor
|
4657 €/month
|
5297 €/month
|
Source: NIFU Step and The Norwegian Association of Researchers
http://www.forskerforbundet.no/
Note: These are gross monthly salaries. The individual tax level is about 40% depending on income level and personal finances.
Number of existing positions in 2005
|
Social Sciences
|
Humanities
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All Disciplines
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|
PhD Candidate
|
800
|
432
|
|
Postdoc
|
119
|
74
|
|
Associate Professor
|
910
|
681
|
|
Full Professor
|
653
|
574
|
Source: NIFU Step – Forskerpersonaleregistret
Note : Numbers show the amount of academics holding the positions in 2005.
In Norway Humanities include History, Anthropology, language studies etc. Social Sciences include Political Science, Economy, Law etc.
The competence advancement model seems to reduce mobility between institutions. A survey found that among Full Professors who advanced from Foerste Amaneuensis during 1993-2001, 98% did so within the same institution. Not surprisingly, mobility is much higher amongst academics with temporary positions.
Norway welcomes foreign applicants as long as they meet the academic requirements for a position. The main language in university institutions is Norwegian but English is becoming more widely used and an increasing number of courses are offered in English, which eases accessibility to Norwegian academia for foreign candidates. Language should thus not be considered a barrier for applying in Norway. About 20% of all PhD students are not Norwegian citizens (mainly other European nationalities), whereas the total number of international faculty in the university sector was 11% in 2003.
For a list of all research units outside of the universities see: http://www.nifustep.no/norsk/innhold/statistikk/instituttkatalogen
NIFU Step is a national research institute with a main focus on studies of education, research and innovation.
This webportal gathers and displays information and news regarding research on a broad variety of disciplines in Norway and elsewhere.
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For information on how to apply for postdocs and funding options in Norway contact the Norwegian Research Council http://www.forskningsradet.no/
In 2003, 30% of the Postdoc positions were funded by the university or research institution, 40% by the Norwegian Research Council, the rest were funded by external or private sources.
See also the websites of the individual universities and research institutions.
Boering, Paal et al. (2005) Indikatorrapporten (in particular ch. 2 'Menneskelige Ressurser'), Research Council of Norway http://www.forskningsradet.no/
'Eurodoc 2004 Questionnaire Norway'
http://www.uib.no/sifub/under/Norway.pdf
Gunnes et al. (2007) Forskerreuttering i Norge - Status og Komparative Perspektiver, NIFU STEP, Rapport 2/2007.
Olsen et al. (2005) 'The Promotion to Full Professor - Through Competition or by Individual Competence?', Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 11, pp. 299-316.
See the national rules and regulations for personnel at higher institutions at University of Oslo’s website:
http://www.uio.no/admhb/reglhb/personal/tilsettingvitenskapelig/
See NIFU Step website where reports and publications can be downloaded:
http://www.nifustep.no/
Special thanks to:
Kaja Wendt, NIFU STEP
Agnete Vabø, NIFU STEP
Svein Atle Skalevag, Max Weber Postdoctoral Fellow 2006/2007, EUI
Espen Olsen, PhD Candidate, EUI
Silje Tellmann, Research Assistant, EUI