Romania, Academic Career Structure
As in many other Central and Eastern European countries, the structure of the academic system in Romania has undergone profound changes starting from the collapse of the Socialist system. Since 1989, the Romanian Government has implemented reforms to decentralise university governance by giving them more managerial autonomy and expanding their funding options through the global financing mechanisms. The new system introduced also a new evaluation and promotion system.
Some questions remain open and need to be solved, among which the low salaries and the lack of financial incentives to attract the most qualified academic staff. Furthermore, new promotion standards apply only to the new generations of researchers while the older academic staff is largely exempted from them.
The higher education sector in Romania comprises 56 state higher education institutions and other 20 private higher education institutions. Private higher education is an alternative to public education. It is subject to an accreditation process. Accredited private institutions may obtain state support.
Universities are the largest higher education institutions. They include a large number of departments and programmes that confer academic diplomas and scientific titles. Universities combine teaching responsibilities with those related to research activities. Academies are higher education institutions that prepare their graduates in a certain specific field: economics and business administration, arts, music etc.
Polytechnic universities train students for technical fields of study. This name was given starting with 1990 to the former polytechnic institutes.
Institutes are higher education units which confer vocational diplomas and qualifications, based on studies and professional experience in limited specialization fields.
The National Rectors Council is composed of all rectors of accredited higher education institutions and is a very active body consulted by the Ministry. Its role in adopting the new legislation for the reorganization of university studies was fundamental. Law 288/2004 stipulates that the length of study cycles in different fields and specializations will be set by the Ministry of Education and Research, at the proposal of the National Rectors Council which will be approved by government decision.
The National Council for Higher Education Financing was constituted following the order of the Minister of Education and Research and acts as a consultancy. Its main responsibilities are to present the Minister of Education proposals regarding future financing necessities for higher education. It has to take into account the objectives of future university strategies and national strategies to develop higher education; it also distributes budget funds to higher education institutions and uses foreign financial sources to award grants and other forms of material support provided by the budget to students.
The National Council for Scientific Research in Higher Education was constituted at the end of 1994 and has been an important part of the reform in higher education ever since. CNCSIS is the main institution to finance scientific research in Romanian universities and graduate academic studies. It is autonomous, works under the authority of the MEdC and expresses the point of view of the academic community regarding scientific research. It is organized in 6 commissions whose members are university or research specialists. In the process of allotting funds for research in universities and evaluating performance in scientific research CNCSIS makes the connection between the university community and the MEdC representing the Government.
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Gross monthly salary levels from 2007
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Start
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Average
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Max
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PhD Candidate
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--
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--
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--
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Postdoc
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--
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--
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--
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Assistant Professor
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--
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--
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--
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Associate Professor
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--
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--
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--
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Full Professor
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--
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--
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--
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Source:
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Number of existing positions
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--
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--
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--
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All Disciplines
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PhD Candidate
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--
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--
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--
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Postdoc
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--
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--
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--
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Assistant Professor
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--
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--
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--
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Associate Professor
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--
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--
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--
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Full Professors
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--
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--
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--
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Source:
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Ministry of Education and Research (2006): Higher Education in Romania. Progressing towards the Bologna Perspectives
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Korka, M., Nicolescu, L. (2007), Romania, in Wells, J-P., Sadlak, J., and Vlăsceanu, L. (eds) (2007), The Rising Role and Relevance of Private Higher Education in Europe , UNESCO-CEPES, pp. 345-386